| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 應力-應變曲線的初始部分與平行于初始部分的線之間沿應變坐標的距離，該線以應力值（通常為0.2%）與應力-變形曲線相交，該應力值用作屈服強度的度量。用于沒有明顯屈服點的材料。 |
| Nut factor | 螺母系數 |
An experimental constant used to evaluate or describe the ratio between the torque applied to a fastener and the Preload achieved as a result. 用于評估或描述施加在緊固件上的扭矩與由此獲得的預載之間的比率的實驗常數。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 總熱量（單位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一個術語。這是不恰當的，因為它表明，它包括動能的方式與總焓相同，但它實際上并不是的。此外，熱和焓是完全不同的量，正如它們的定義所示。 |
| Stress wave | 應力波 |
An unbalanced force, such as an impact, applied at one location in a body sets the material there into vibration that is transmitted to adjacent elements and ultimately to all parts of the body in the form of stress waves or wave packets. 施加在物體某個位置的不平衡力（如沖擊力）會使物體中的材料產生振動，并以應力波或波包的形式傳遞到相鄰元件，最終傳遞到物體的所有部位。 |
| Abrasion | 磨損 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通過硬質顆粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂紙、研磨清潔、研磨加工），也可以是操作的結果（磨損）。 |
| Dynamic compressor | 動態壓縮器 |
A machine, such as a centrifugal or axial compressor, that compresses a gas by rotational rather than reciprocating motion. 一種機器，例如離心式或軸流式壓縮機，通過旋轉而不是往復運動來壓縮氣體。 |
| Thread milling | 螺紋銑削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺紋銑削是在螺紋銑刀中用銑刀切削螺紋的一種方法。螺紋銑刀為單形或多形，用于傳統或行星式螺紋銑刀。 |
| Flange | 法蘭 |
Flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. A flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. Annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. An extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. Commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. The top and bottom parts of an I-beam. 法蘭是指螺栓的頭部樣式，其中頭部下方有一個圓形“法蘭”，其作用類似于墊圈以分配載荷。凸緣是凸出的平輪輞或凸緣。1.管道（法蘭管）或軸端部的環形邊緣，通過這些邊緣，可以使用穿過法蘭孔的螺栓（法蘭聯軸器、法蘭接頭）或通過周邊的肘節夾將管道連接在一起。2.車輪上的延伸輪輞，將其橫向定位在軌道上。通常用于鐵路車輛。3.工字梁的頂部和底部。 |
| Latent heat | 潛熱 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物質發生相變時吸收或釋放的熱能。 |
| Second (s) | 秒（s） |
The SI base unit of time equal to 9 192 631 770 times the period of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. SI基時間單位等于9192631770倍的輻射周期，對應于銫-133原子基態的兩個超精細能級之間的躍遷。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可鍛鑄鐵 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口鑄鐵一種通過長時間退火制成的鑄鐵，脫碳，石墨化，或兩者都發生，以消除部分或全部滲碳體。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脫碳是主要反應，產品將呈現出較輕的斷裂表面，“白心可鍛”。否則，斷裂表面將變暗，“黑心可鍛”。鐵素體可鍛性材料主要為鐵素體基體；根據熱處理和所需硬度，珠光體可鍛材料可能包含珠光體、球狀體或回火馬氏體。 |
| Double aging | 雙級時效 |
Employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用兩種不同的時效處理來控制由過飽和基質形成的沉淀物類型，以獲得所需的性能。第一次時效處理，有時稱為中間處理或穩定處理，通常在比第二次更高的溫度下進行。 |
| Scoring | 劃痕 |
In tribology, a severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches in the direction of sliding. 在摩擦學中，一種嚴重的磨損形式，其特征是在滑動方向上形成大面積的凹槽和劃痕。 |
| Spring temper | 彈簧回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-thirds of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 非鐵合金和一些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強度和硬度約為全硬回火到超彈性回火的三分之二。 |
| Sound pressure (Unit μPa) | 聲壓（單位：μPa） |
The instantaneous deviation of pressure from the ambient pressure caused by the passage of a sound wave, which can be measured by a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water. 聲波傳播引起的壓力與環境壓力的瞬時偏差，可通過空氣中的麥克風和水中的水聽器測量。 |
| Statistic | 統計 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根據樣本中的觀察值計算得出的匯總值。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch2 | 英寸磅力/英寸2 |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in2?= 1.751 268 × 102?J/m2. 用于特定斷裂功（斷裂韌性）的非國際單位制單位。到SI的轉換為1英寸。lbf/in2=1.751268×102J/m2。 |
| Planar anisotropy | 平面異向性 |
A variation in physical and/or mechanical properties with respect to direction within the plane of material in sheet form. 在片狀材料平面內，物理和/或機械性能相對于方向的變化。 |
| Pitch angle (Unit °) | 俯仰角（單位°） |
For a bevel gear, the angle between the axis and the pitch-cone generator. 對于錐齒輪，軸與節錐生成器之間的角度。 |
| Mechanical properties of solid materials | 固體材料的力學性能 |
The strength and stiffness properties of solid materials such as fracture toughness, the moduli of elasticity, percent elongation, 固體材料的強度和剛度特性，例如斷裂韌性、彈性模量、伸長率、 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸標注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程圖紙上對部件每個特征的尺寸（例如長度、半徑、角度或間距）和相對位置（例如角位置）的規范。數值通常包括公差。尺寸不應超過制造組件所需的尺寸。 |
| Size effect | 尺寸效應 |
Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower for a larger size. 金屬件的尺寸對其機械和其他性能以及對制造變量（如鍛造、壓下和熱處理）的影響。一般來說，尺寸越大，機械性能越低。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 設定壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全閥或安全閥開啟時的壓力，對應于適用于受保護壓力容器的相關規范或標準。 |
| Scuffing | 擦傷 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘著磨損的一種形式，在摩擦表面上產生表面劃痕或高度拋光。通常在潤滑不足的零件上觀察到。 |
| Quench hardening | 淬火硬化 |
(1) Hardening suitable alpha-beta alloys (most often certain copper to titanium alloys) by solution treating and quenching to develop a martensitic-like structure. (2) In ferrous alloys, hardening by austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that a substantial amount of austenite transforms to martensite. （1）通過固溶處理和淬火硬化合適的α-β合金（通常是某些銅-鈦合金），以形成類似馬氏體的結構。（2）在鐵合金中，通過奧氏體化硬化，然后以一定速度冷卻，使大量奧氏體轉變為馬氏體。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺紋桿 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺釘的主體，其直徑介于螺紋大徑的最小和最大限制之間。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度誤差常數 |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 當控制系統的參考（需求）輸入是拋物線時，輸出信號在穩定狀態下也將是拋物線。在這種情況下恒定的信號是加速度，因此對于拋物線輸入，稱為加速度誤差常數的穩態誤差是加速度中的誤差。 |
| Supercharging | 增壓 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲軸（增壓器）驅動的壓縮機增加進入活塞式發動機氣缸的空氣（或空氣/燃料混合物）質量流率的過程。與相同容量的自然吸氣發動機相比，功率輸出增加。該過程還將空氣壓力和密度增加到大于環境壓力和密度。在過去，大多數增壓器都是由發動機曲軸機械驅動的，但這些增壓器在很大程度上已被渦輪增壓器所取代。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 熱電動勢 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 當一個結處于不同于另一個結的溫度時，在含有兩種不同金屬的電路中產生的電動勢。 |
| Bar | 巴（氣壓單位） |
A widely used (non-SI) unit of pressure approximately equal to normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The conversion to SI is 1 bar = 105?Pa. Unit of pressure – the pressure created by a column of?€mercury 75.006 cm high at 0oC, or about 33.45 feet of water at 4oC. It is equal to 105 pascal. Standard atmospheric pressure (at sea level) is 1.01325 bar, or 1013.25 mb. 一種廣泛使用的（非SI）壓力單位，大約等于海平面上的正常大氣壓。轉換為SI為1bar=105Pa。壓力單位——0oC時75.006厘米高的水銀柱或4oC時約33.45英尺水柱產生的壓力。它等于105帕斯卡。標準大氣壓（海平面）為1.01325bar或1013.25mb。 |
| Oxidizing flame | 氧化焰 |
A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner flame. 在內部火焰中過量氧氣產生的氣體火焰。 |
| Semi-rotary pump | 半回轉泵 |
A form of self-priming pump, often hand-operated, suitable for pumping water and light oils such as diesel oil and petrol. As shown in the diagram, liquid is sucked into one side of the pump through flap valves and simultaneously ejected from the other side on one stroke. The sequence is reversed on each successive stroke. 一種自吸泵，通常是手動的，適用于泵送水和輕油，如柴油和汽油。液體通過翻板閥吸入泵的一側，同時在一個沖程中從另一側排出。在每個連續沖程上，順序顛倒。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工變得容易的特性，比如硫賦予鋼的特性，等等。 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 熱膨脹系數 |
(1) Change in unit of length (or volume) accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature. (2) The linear or volume expansion of a given material per degree rise of temperature, expressed at an arbitrary base temperature or as a more complicated equation applicable to a wide range. （1） 單位長度（或體積）隨溫度單位變化的變化。（2） 給定材料每上升一度的線性或體積膨脹，在任意基礎溫度下表示，或作為適用于寬范圍的更復雜方程表示。 |
| Actual value | 實際價值 |
The output of a plant that is being controlled, i.e. the controlled variable. Not directly accessible by the control system, as it can only be measured by a sensor which may distort the measurement. 受控設備的輸出，即受控變量。控制系統不能直接訪問，因為它只能由可能會扭曲測量結果的傳感器測量。 |
| Turn-of-nut method | 螺母轉動法 |
It applies preload by turning a nut through an angle that corresponds to a given elongation. 它通過將螺母旋轉一個與給定伸長率相對應的角度來施加預載荷。 |
| Absolute value error | 絕對值誤差 |
The magnitude of the error dlsregarding the algebraic sign, or, for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. 關于代數符號的誤差幅度，或者，對于矢量誤差，不考慮其函數。 |
| Roots blower | 羅茨鼓風機 |
(rotary-piston blower) A positive-displacement gas compressor with two meshing lobed rotors that rotate within a close-fitting casing. Commonly used as a supercharger. （旋轉活塞鼓風機）一種容積式氣體壓縮機，具有兩個嚙合的凸角轉子，在緊密配合的外殼內旋轉。通常用作增壓器。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 熱力學狀態 |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系統或工作流體根據其性質的狀態。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式對鐵合金進行退火。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 時間分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 將控制問題分解為具有相對較短和較長時間常數的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例極限內，材料的延伸與所施加的力成比例。近似地說，它是彈性材料拉伸時應力和應變之間的關系。該定律指出，應力（單位面積的力）與應變（尺寸變化）成比例。該定律僅適用于有限的范圍，由羅伯特·胡克于1676年發現。 |
| Intergranular cracking | 沿晶斷裂 |
Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. 多晶聚集體中的晶粒或晶體之間發生的開裂或斷裂。也稱為晶間斷裂。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蝕磨損 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 與環境發生顯著化學或電化學反應的磨損。 |
| Neutralization number | 中和值 |
An ASTM number given to quenching oils that reflects the oil’s tendency towards oxidation and sludging. 淬火油的ASTM編號，反映了油的氧化和成泥趨勢。 |
| Natural unit system (n.u. system) | 自然單位制（n.u.制） |
A non-SI system of units, based on fundamental constants, used in high-energy and particle physics. The n.u. of speed is the speed of light in a vacuum, c0?= 299 792 458 m/s. 基于基本常數的非國際單位制，用于高能和粒子物理n.u.速度是真空中的光速，c0=299792458m/s。 |
| Wrap-around bend | 環繞彎曲 |
The bend obtained when a specimen is wrapped in a closed helix around a cylindrical mandrel. This term is sometimes applied to a semiguided bend of 180° or less. 當試樣纏繞在圓柱形心軸周圍的閉合螺旋中時獲得的彎曲。該術語有時適用于180°或更小的半導彎曲。 |
| Air-hardening steel | 空氣硬化鋼 |
A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. The terms should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. (50 mm) or more in diameter. Same as self-hardening steel. 一種鋼，含有足夠的碳和其他合金元素，可以在空氣或其他氣體介質中從高于其轉變范圍的溫度冷卻過程中完全硬化。這些術語應僅限于能夠通過在相當大的截面（直徑約2英寸（50毫米）或更大）中通過空氣冷卻而硬化的鋼。與自硬鋼相同。 |
| Uniaxial strain | 單軸應變 |
Increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen. 由平行于試樣縱軸的應力引起的長度增加（或減少）。 |
| Speed of rotation (N) | 轉速（N） |
(Unit rps or rpm) For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. It is equal to the angular velocity Ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （單位rps或rpm）對于繞固定軸旋轉的物體，旋轉速度是物體每單位時間的轉數。它等于角速度Ω（或ω）（單位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| Normality | 常態 |
The principle that the vector sum of plastic strain increments is perpendicular to the yield surface. 塑性應變增量矢量和垂直于屈服面的原理。 |
| Ultrasonic method | 超聲波法 |
Measuring elongation uses a sound pulse, generated at one end of a bolt, that travels the length of a bolt, bounces off the far end, and returns to the sound generator in a measured period of time. 測量伸長使用在螺栓一端產生的聲音脈沖，該脈沖沿螺栓長度傳播，從遠端反彈，并在測量的時間段內返回到聲音發生器。 |
| Silky fracture | 絲狀斷口 |
A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong metals. 一種金屬斷裂，斷裂的金屬表面具有精細的紋理，通常外觀暗淡。具有堅韌和堅固金屬的特征。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的應力循環（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 試樣在其應力歷史中任何時間所經受的特定特征（產生波動應力和應變）的循環次數。 |
| Anode | 陽極 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which produces electrons. It is the electrode which is destroyed (corrodes). 電池或腐蝕電池中產生電子的電極。被破壞（腐蝕）的是電極。 |
| Acoustic separation | 聲學分離 |
?(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （單位m）使用駐聲波（通常是超聲波）將流體中的粒子分離，以將它們驅動到節點（聲學粒子濃度）。 |
| Endurance limit | 耐力極限 |
The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. That completely reversing stress limit below which a bolt or joint member will have an essentially infinite life under cyclic fatigue loads. Note that the mean stress on the bolts here is zero. 材料可以承受無限次應力循環的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。完全逆轉的應力極限，低于該極限螺栓或接頭構件在循環疲勞載荷下將具有基本上無限的壽命。請注意，此處螺栓上的平均應力為零。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美國機械工程師學會。 |
| Quench annealing | 淬火退火 |
Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by solution heat treatment followed by rapid quenching. 通過固溶熱處理然后快速淬火對奧氏體鐵合金進行退火。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion | Mohr–Coulomb屈服準則 |
A pressure-dependent yield criterion, according to which yielding occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls on the envelope created by the Mohr’s stress circles at yielding for various tests such as tension, shear, and compression that have different components of hydrostatic stress. 一種與壓力相關的屈服準則，根據該準則，當材料中某一點的應力落在屈服時的莫爾應力圓所形成的包絡線上時，即發生屈服，用于各種試驗，如具有不同靜水應力分量的拉伸、剪切和壓縮。 |
| Diffusion coating | 擴散涂層 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金屬上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂層。涂層是通過在高溫下加熱與粉末、液體或氣體形式的合金接觸的金屬，從而使涂層的原子擴散到基體中而產生的。實例包括基底上的鉻、鋁或硅，如鎳基高溫合金、鋼和耐火金屬。 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡圖 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡條件下，合金系統中相場的溫度、壓力和成分極限的圖形表示。在金屬系統中，壓力通常被認為是恒定的。 |
| Centre line | 中心線 |
1. In an engineering drawing, a line of symmetry. 2. An imaginary line along a pipe, duct, or shaft that defines an axis of symmetry. 3. An imaginary straight line parallel to the intended direction of a surface located such that the areas above and below the line and the real wavy (rough) surface cancel out. 1.在工程圖中，對稱線。2.沿著管道、管道或豎井定義對稱軸的假想線。3.一條平行于表面預期方向的假想直線，該直線上方和下方的區域與真實的波狀（粗糙）表面相抵消。 |
| Combined stresses | 復合應力 |
The stress state at a point in a component subjected to combination of axial, bending, torsional loadings etc., acting along all reference axes. 沿所有參考軸作用的受軸向、彎曲、扭轉載荷等組合作用的部件中某點的應力狀態。 |
| Engine | 引擎 |
A machine that converts energy, including the chemical energy in a fuel and electrical energy, into mechanical energy, usually to produce power delivered through a rotating shaft or thrust. Examples include internal-combustion engines, gas and steam turbines, rocket engines, electric, hydraulic and pneumatic motors. 一種將能量（包括燃料中的化學能和電能）轉換為機械能的機器，通常通過旋轉軸或推力產生動力。例子包括內燃機、燃氣輪機和蒸汽輪機、火箭發動機、電動、液壓和氣動馬達。 |
| Millimetre of mercury | 毫米汞柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 133.3 Pa or 1 torr. 一種非SI壓力單位，等于1毫米高的垂直水銀柱施加的壓力。大約等于133.3Pa或1托。 |
| Tensioner | 張緊器 |
A hydraulic tool used to tighten a fastener by stretching it rather than by applying a substantial torque to the nut. After the tension has stretched the bolt or stud, the nut is run down against the joint with a modest torque, and the tensioner is disengaged from the fastener. The nut holds the stretch produced by the tensioner. 一種液壓工具，用于通過拉伸緊固件而不是對螺母施加較大扭矩來擰緊緊固件。張力拉伸螺栓或螺柱后，以適當的扭矩將螺母向下壓靠接頭，張緊器與緊固件分離。螺母保持張緊器產生的拉伸。 |
| Absorptance | 吸收率 |
(absorptivity, absorption coefficient, α) The fraction of radiant flux incident on a surface that is absorbed by the surface. The term also applies to absorption of radiation by a volume of fluid. For a semi-transparent surface, α + ρ + τ = 1, where ρ is the reflectance and τ is the transmittance. （吸收率，吸收系數，α）入射到表面的輻射通量被表面吸收的部分。該術語也適用于一定體積的流體對輻射的吸收。對于半透明表面，α+ρ+τ=1，其中ρ是反射率，τ是透射率。 |
| Spanner (wrench) | 扳手 |
A tool for applying torque to tighten or loosen a nut, bolt, or screw. Grip is applied by a serrated ring or an open U-shape at the end of the tool. On imperial-size spanners, the BSW and BSF marking refers to the diameter of the screw thread; similarly for BA spanners. Spanners for unified and metric threads are marked with the distance across the flats (‘A/F’) of the nut or head of the bolt. 擰緊或松開螺母、螺栓或螺絲的工具。通過工具端部的鋸齒環或開口U形應用夾持。在英制扳手上，BSW和BSF標記是指螺紋的直徑；類似于BA扳手。用于統一螺紋和公制螺紋的扳手在螺母或螺栓頭的平面（'A/F'）上標記距離。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生長 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金屬中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高溫加熱的結果。 |
| Archimedes Wave Swing | 阿基米德波擺動 |
A machine for tidal-power energy generation consisting of two concentric, air-filled submerged cylinders. The inner lower cylinder is tethered to the ocean floor while the upper floater unit, which is closed at the top, moves up and down due to the variations in hydrostatic pressure caused by the wave motion. The relative movement of the two cylinders is used to generate electricity in which linear motion replaces the more common rotary motion of an electromagnetic generator. 一種用于潮汐能發電的機器，由兩個同心的充氣水下氣缸組成。內部下部圓柱體系在海底，而頂部封閉的上部浮子單元由于波浪運動引起的靜水壓力變化而上下移動。兩個氣缸的相對運動用于發電，其中直線運動取代了電磁發電機更常見的旋轉運動。 |
| Magnetic test | 磁性測試 |
Method used to test heat extraction rates of various quenchants. The test works by utilizing the change in magnetic properties of metals at their Curie point–the temperature above which metals lose their magnetism. 用于測試各種淬火劑的熱提取率的方法。該測試通過利用金屬在居里點（即金屬失去磁性的溫度）的磁性變化來進行。 |
| Profiling machine | 仿形機 |
(profile milling machine) A milling machine in which the cutter is guided by the contour of a pattern having the required shape. （仿形銑床）銑刀由具有所需形狀的圖案輪廓引導的銑床。 |
| Fastener standard | 緊固件標準 |
A document which details the attributes of a finished fastener and includes such characteristics as geometry, material or chemistry, heat treatment, finish, testing lot size, and packaging. 詳細說明緊固件屬性的文件，包括幾何形狀、材料或化學、熱處理、表面處理、測試批量和包裝等特性。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 鋼或鑄鐵中的游離碳。 |
| Vapour static pressure | 蒸汽靜壓 |
(Unit Pa or bar) A pressure analogous to hydrostatic pressure, where the fluid is a vapour such as steam. A term used in geothermal applications. （單位Pa或bar）類似于靜水壓力的壓力，其中流體是蒸汽，如蒸汽。地熱應用中使用的術語。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大應力強度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲勞循環中應力強度因子的最大值。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 當處于靜止狀態的受限流體中任何一點的壓力發生變化時，流體體積中的每一點的變化都相等。 |
| Translational joint | 平移鉸 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制變量為直線運動的機器人關節。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 測量材料對表面壓痕或磨損的阻力；可以認為是產生某些特定類型的表面變形所需的應力的函數。硬度沒有絕對刻度，因此為了定量表示硬度，每種類型的試驗都有自己的任意定義硬度等級。壓痕硬度可通過布氏硬度試驗、洛氏硬度試驗，維氏硬度試驗和努氏硬度試驗以及硬化鏡硬度試驗進行測量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久變形的能力，它是主要通過壓痕測試確定的塑性流動性能的量度，也使用劃痕硬度和回彈硬度。硬度標度不同試驗給出的不同硬度測量值，如布氏硬度試驗和維氏硬度試驗中的壓痕壓力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Uniform elongation | 均勻伸長 |
The elongation at maximum load and immediately preceding the onset of necking in a tension test. 在拉伸試驗中，在最大載荷下和頸縮開始之前的伸長率。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化鏡硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 與落在被測材料上的菱形錘的回彈高度相關的數字。通過將錘子從淬火（達到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具鋼試塊上的平均回彈分為100個單位來測量。 |
| Fog quenching | 霧淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在細蒸汽或薄霧中淬火。 |
| Applied thermodynamics | 應用熱力學 |
(engineering thermodynamics, thermodynamics) The science of the relationship between heat, work and the properties of systems and the ways in which heat energy from fuels can be converted into mechanical work. It involves the study of all aspects of energy use and energy transformation, including power generation, refrigeration, the relevant properties of the substances involved and the relationships between them. The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of nature. （工程熱力學、熱力學）熱、功和系統特性之間關系的科學，以及燃料中的熱能可以轉化為機械功的方式。它涉及能源使用和能源轉換的各個方面的研究，包括發電、制冷、所涉及物質的相關特性以及它們之間的關系。能量守恒定律是自然的基本規律。 |
| Cementation | 膠結 |
The introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 在高溫下通過擴散將一種或多種元素引入金屬物體的外部。 |
| Circular pitch | 齒距 |
The distance from the center of one gear tooth to the center of the next gear tooth measured on the pitch line. 在節線上測量的從一個輪齒中心到下一個輪齒中心的距離。 |
| Aging treatment | 時效處理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 針對時效硬化的熱處理；它包括溶液和沉淀處理。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金鋼經淬火產生馬氏體，在550°C以上回火時產生細小沉淀的過程，這抑制了位錯運動，扭轉了在較高回火溫度下強度降低的趨勢。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用過程中的延展性或斷裂韌性損失。通常是金屬或合金的延展性或韌性或兩者的嚴重損失。多種形式的脆化可導致脆性斷裂。在熱處理或高溫服務期間，可能會出現多種形式（熱致脆化）。影響鋼的一些脆化形式包括藍脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火時效脆化、西格瑪相脆化、應變時效脆化，回火脆化、回火馬氏體脆化和熱脆化。此外，鋼和其他金屬和合金可能因環境條件而脆化（環境輔助脆化）。環境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、堿脆化、腐蝕脆化、蠕變斷裂脆化、氫脆化、液態金屬脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固態金屬脆化和應力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 對鐵合金板、帶、線進行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺紋 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 順時針或向右轉動時進入配合部件的螺紋。 |
| Wrist | 腕關節 |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 機器人上的最后三個關節，模擬人類手腕提供的旋轉，從而允許其通過手腕插座連接到的末端執行器的方向。 |
| Unit | 單位 |
A numerical indication of the magnitude of a physical quantity. The basic units of mass, length, time, etc. are relative to agreed standards. 物理量大小的數字指示。質量、長度、時間等基本單位與商定的標準相對應。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 應力強度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一種標度因子，通常用符號K表示，在線彈性斷裂力學中用于描述已知尺寸和形狀的裂紋尖端施加應力的增強。在任何含有裂紋的結構中，裂紋快速擴展開始時，該因子稱為臨界應力強度因子，或斷裂韌性。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于從奧氏體化溫度以低于特定鋼臨界冷卻速度的速度淬火而導致鋼的不完全硬化，導致除馬氏體外還形成一種或多種相變產物。 |
| Residual strength (Unit N) | 剩余強度（單位：N） |
The strength of a damaged body containing defects induced by microcracking, thermal shock, etc. 包含由微裂紋、熱沖擊等引起的缺陷的受損體的強度。 |
| Static fatigue | 靜態疲勞 |
A term referring to a time-dependent reduction in strength with a static (noncyclic) load. The term may refer to hydrogen-induced delayed cracking or the effect of creep on the strength of plastics. Delayed fracture caused by environmental effects under dead-weight loading of materials such as glass. The name is unfortunate, as cyclic loads are not involved and glass is not susceptible to fatigue. 指靜態（非循環）載荷下強度隨時間變化的降低。該術語可指氫致延遲開裂或蠕變對塑料強度的影響。在玻璃等材料的自重荷載下，由環境影響引起的延遲斷裂。 |
| B-basis | B-基礎 |
Mechanical property value above which at least 90% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. 機械性能值超過該值時，至少90%的值預計會下降，置信度為95%。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亞共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈現共晶的合金系統中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微觀結構包含一些共晶結構。 |
| A-basis | A-基礎 |
Mechanical property value above which at least 99% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. Also called A-allowable. 機械性能值超過該值時，至少99%的值預計會下降，置信度為95%。也被稱為A-容許。 |
| Abrasivity | 磨蝕性 |
The extent to which a surface, particle, or collection of particles will tend to cause abrasive wear when forced against a solid surface under relative motion and under prescribed conditions. 在相對運動和規定條件下，一個表面、顆粒或顆粒集合在被迫抵靠固體表面時趨向于引起磨粒磨損的程度。 |
| Transfer ratio | 傳輸比 |
(transfer constant) A complex variable representing the ratio between the output of a transducer and the input causing that output. （傳遞常數）一個復變量，表示傳感器輸出與產生該輸出的輸入之間的比率。 |
| Accommodation | 適應能力 |
The ability of a robot to respond to changes in the environment. 機器人對環境變化做出反應的能力。 |
| Shoulder screw | 軸肩螺釘 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一種具有兩個或兩個以上直徑或軸肩的螺釘，通常用于支撐杠桿和其他必須自由操作的機器部件。 |
| Slip line | 滑移線 |
The trace of the slip plane on a viewing surface; the trace is usually observable only if the surface has been polished before deformation. The usual observation on metal crystals (under the light microscope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip band. 滑動平面在觀察表面上的軌跡；只有在變形前對表面進行拋光，才能觀察到痕跡。通常對金屬晶體的觀察（在光學顯微鏡下）是一組稱為滑移帶的滑移線。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一種在六角面上有槽的螺母，與具有鉆孔的螺栓一起使用，以便將開口（開口）銷插入穿過螺母和螺栓以防止擰松。 |
| Spherical washer | 球面墊圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面為半球形的墊圈。與接觸面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。減少螺栓或螺柱中的彎曲應力，允許一些自對準，并對不平行的接頭表面或角度進行一些補償。 |
| Spray quenching | 噴霧淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用噴嘴將水或其他液體噴射到零件上的淬火過程。淬火速率由每單位撞擊時間內每單位面積的液體速度和體積控制。 |
| Drift pin | 沖頭 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于對齊鉚釘孔的圓形錐形鋼銷，以便鉚釘輕松穿過孔。 |
| Twist | 扭轉 |
The helix produced in a cylindrical component, such as a shaft, wire, tensioned cable, or rope, when one end is rotated relative to the other. Measured either as the number of turns per unit length, or by the helix angle (twist angle). 當一端相對于另一端旋轉時，在圓柱形部件（如軸、鋼絲、張緊電纜或繩索）中產生的螺旋。以每單位長度的圈數或螺旋角（扭曲角）測量。 |
| Stress cycle | 應力循環 |
The smallest segment of the stress-time function that is repeated periodically. 周期性重復的應力時間函數的最小段。 |
| Coextrusion | 復合擠壓 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通過同一模具同時擠出兩種或多種材料的組合。 |
| Diffusion coefficient | 擴散系數 |
A factor of proportionality representing the amount of substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in unit time. 一個比例因子，表示在單位時間內通過單位濃度梯度擴散到單位面積上的物質量。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切應變 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角變化的切線，作為對力的響應，在兩條原本通過物體中的一個點相互垂直的線之間。也稱為剪切應變。 |
| Sample median | 樣本中間值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 當樣本中的所有觀測值按數量級排列時的中間值。如果測試的樣本數為偶數，則使用兩個中間值的平均值。這是人口中位數的一個點估計值，或50%的點。 |
| Vapour–pressure curve | 蒸汽壓力曲線 |
For a pure substance, the curve of saturation pressure plotted vs saturation temperature. 對于純物質，繪制了飽和壓力與飽和溫度的曲線。 |
| Deposit gauge | 沉積量計 |
(deposition gauge) An instrument employed in air pollution studies for measuring the amount of pollutant deposited on a given area in a given time under given conditions. （沉降計）在空氣污染研究中使用的儀器，用于測量在給定條件下在給定時間內沉積在給定區域上的污染物量。 |
| Strain hardening | 應變硬化 |
An increase in hardness and strengthcaused by plastic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Also known as work hardening. (workhardening) The increase in stress above the initial yield stress required to deform a metal to greater strains in the plastic range at temperatures below the recrystallization range (cold working). Unloading after some strain or work input gives a harder and stronger material. 在低于再結晶范圍的溫度下，塑性變形導致硬度和強度的增加。也稱為加工硬化。（加工硬化）在低于再結晶范圍（冷加工）的溫度下，使金屬在塑性范圍內變形至更大應變所需的高于初始屈服應力的應力增加。在一定的應變或功輸入后卸載，會得到更硬、更強的材料。 |
| Bearing yield strength | 軸承屈服強度 |
The bearing stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of bearing stress to bearing strain in a bearing test. 在軸承測試中，材料在軸承應力與軸承應變的比例之間表現出特定的極限偏差時的軸承應力。 |
| Stiffness | 剛度 |
(1) The ability of a metal or shape to resist elastic deflection.(2) The rate of stress increase with respect to the rate of increase in strain induced in the metal or shape; the greater the stress required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. （1）金屬或形狀抵抗彈性變形的能力。（2）所述應力增加速率相對于在所述金屬或形狀中誘導的應變增加速率；產生給定應變所需的應力越大，材料就越硬。 |
| Double tempering | 雙回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一種處理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金屬經過兩個完整的回火循環，通常在基本相同的溫度下，以確保完成回火反應并提高所得微觀結構的穩定性。 |
| Process annealing | 中間退火 |
An imprecise term denoting various treatments used to improve workability. For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. 一個不精確的術語，表示用于改善可加工性的各種處理方法。為了使術語有意義，必須說明材料的條件和使用的時間-溫度循環。 |
| Strain energy | 應變能 |
A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain diagram. 通過測量應力-應變圖下的面積確定的材料能量吸收特性的度量。 |
| Torsional stress | 扭轉應力 |
The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action. 扭轉作用在橫截面上產生的剪切應力。 |
| Selective quenching | 局部淬火 |
Quenching only certain portions of an object. 僅淬火工件的某些部分。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞萊氣壓計 |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一種垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水銀上方的空間處于真空狀態。水銀在管道中上升的高度是大氣壓力的量度。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 結晶斷裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金屬斷裂面上明亮反射的晶面圖案，由許多單個晶體的解理斷裂產生。 |
| Ductility | 延展性 |
The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing. Measured by elongation or reduction in area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in a cupping test, or by the radius or angle of bend in a bend test. 材料在斷裂前發生塑性變形的能力。通過拉伸試驗中的伸長率或面積減少量、杯突試驗中的杯突高度或彎曲試驗中的彎曲半徑或角度來測量。 |
| Impact extrusion | 沖擊擠壓 |
The extrusion of separate components of soft metals whose properties permit the action to be performed quickly. 擠壓單獨的軟金屬組件，其特性允許快速執行操作。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一類由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三種單體組成的熱塑性共聚物，其性能（特別是韌性）優于單個成分。 |
| Ion nitriding | 離子氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which nitrogen ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma nitriding or glowdischarge nitriding. 一種表面硬化方法，其中氮離子通過使用高壓電能在真空中擴散到工件中。與等離子體氮化或輝光放電氮化同義。 |
| Cavitation | 空蝕空化 |
The formation of vapour- or gas-filled cavities in a liquid due to reduction of the local pressure, often due to acceleration of the fluid, such as in flow through a convergent nozzle. If there is no dissolved gas in the liquid, vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the saturated vapour pressure. If the bubbles are formed due to high temperature, the process is termed boiling. If there is dissolved gas, gaseous cavitation occurs due to pressure reduction, temperature increase, or diffusion (degassing). At the tips of marine propellers and in hydraulic machinery, the collapse of cavitation bubbles can cause noise and vibration and lead to surface damage in the form of pitting. 由于局部壓力降低而在液體中形成充滿蒸汽或氣體的空腔，通常原因是流體的加速，例如收斂噴嘴的流動。如果液體中沒有溶解氣體，當壓力降至飽和蒸汽壓力以下時，會發生蒸汽空化。如果氣泡是由于高溫形成的，則該過程稱為沸騰。如果存在溶解氣體，則由于壓力降低、溫度升高或擴散（脫氣），會發生氣穴。在船用螺旋槳尖端和液壓機械中，空化氣泡的破裂可能會引起噪音和振動，并導致以點蝕形式出現的表面損壞。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差極限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定義零件尺寸或其他質量特性允許偏差范圍的極值（上限和下限）。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 長細比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均勻柱的有效無支撐長度除以橫截面積的最小回轉半徑。 |
| Semiguided bend | 半導彎曲 |
The bend obtained by applying a force directly to the specimen in the portion that is to be bent. The specimen is either held at one end and forced around a pin or rounded edge, or is supported near the ends and bent by a force applied on the side of the specimen opposite the supports and midway between them. In some instances, the bend is started in this manner and finished in the manner of a free bend. 通過將力直接施加于待彎曲部分中的試樣而獲得的彎曲。將試樣固定在一端，并圍繞銷或圓邊施力，或者在靠近端部的位置支撐試樣，并通過施加在試樣與支撐件相對的一側以及兩者中間的力進行彎曲。在某些情況下，折彎以此方式開始，然后以自由折彎的方式結束。 |
| Constant life diagram | 恒定壽命圖 |
A plot of experimentally derived fatigue-life data; perhaps the most complex and complete of the popular charts used to represent such data. 實驗得出的疲勞壽命數據圖；可能是用于表示此類數據的最復雜和最完整的流行圖表。 |
| Free carbon | 游離碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。與結合碳形成對比。 |
| Mole number (N) | 摩爾數（N） |
The number of moles in a given mass m of a substance, equal to m divided by the molar mass of the substance. 摩爾數物質給定質量m中的摩爾數，等于m除以物質的摩爾質量。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非鐵合金和某些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強度介于軟態和半硬態之間。 |
| Nanotechnology | 納米技術 |
The science and engineering of materials that have been structured on length scales of 1–100 nm, resulting in modified physical properties owing to changes in the ratio of surface area to volume (atoms on surfaces having different symmetry from those in the bulk) and because many of the fundamental physical processes that underpin the properties of materials have a characteristic length scale of a few nm, so that alteration of microstructure at the nm level alters the bulk properties. 材料科學與工程，其結構長度為1-100nm，由于表面積與體積之比的變化（表面上的原子與體中的原子具有不同的對稱性），并且支撐材料性質的許多基本物理過程具有幾納米的特征長度尺度，因此改變納米級微觀結構會改變體性質。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 攝氏熱量單位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （攝氏熱量單位，CHU）一個已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）單位，等于在一個標準大氣壓的壓力下將一磅純凈的無空氣水的溫度從14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Typical basis | 典型基礎 |
The typical property value is an average value. No statistical assurance is associated with this basis. 典型的屬性值是平均值。沒有與此基礎相關的統計保證。 |
| Crushing strain | 壓應變 |
The supposed single strain that results in comminution of a brittle material. The corresponding stress is termed the crushing strength. Neither quantity can be a material constant as they must obey the laws of fracture mechanics and will depend on the type of testpiece, method of loading etc. 導致脆性材料粉碎的假定單應變。相應的應力稱為抗壓強度。這兩個量都不能是材料常數，因為它們必須遵守斷裂力學定律，并取決于試件類型、加載方法等。 |
| Structural frame | 結構框架 |
The underlying load-bearing framework of beams, columns, bracing, etc., of steel, concrete, brick, stone, timber etc., required to support the static and dynamic forces a building or component is subjected to, including its weight and that of its contents. 由鋼、混凝土、磚、石、木材等制成的梁、柱、支撐等構成的底層承重框架，用于支撐建筑物或構件承受的靜態和動態力，包括其重量及其內含物的重量。 |
| Shank | 螺桿 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓頭部下方的部分。1.一種工具的柄部，如拉刀、鉆頭、鉸刀或絲錐，可裝入夾具（如卡盤）中。鉚釘的桿或螺釘或螺栓的無螺紋部分。3.連接尖端和手柄的工具的軸。 |
| Thermal reactor | 熱反應器 |
An enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一種擴大的排氣歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式發動機的氣缸蓋上，其中一氧化碳和未燃燒碳氫化合物的氧化作用增強。 |
| Transducer | 傳感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 將一種形式的能量轉換為另一種形式能量的裝置。例如，超聲換能器將電能轉換為聲能（在超聲頻率下），反之亦然。 |
| Surface treatment | 表面處理 |
Any process, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal, designed to protect a surface against corrosion and wear or to alter its mechanical properties. 任何旨在保護表面免受腐蝕和磨損或改變其機械性能的工藝，包括化學、電化學、機械和熱處理。 |
| Hydraulics | 液壓系統 |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括運河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系統中的水流。 |
| Bucket | 吊桶 |
1. A cup-shaped vane with a central dividing ridge attached to the periphery of the runner of an impulse water turbine such as a Pelton turbine. 2. A rotor blade in a compressor or turbine. 1.一種杯形葉片，所述杯形葉片具有附接到沖擊式水輪機（例如沖擊式水輪機臺）的轉輪的外圍的中央分隔脊。2.壓縮機或渦輪機中的轉子葉片。 |
| Tow | 拖拉 |
1. To cause a vehicle to move by pulling with a rope, chain, bar, etc. 2. A bundle of? fibres employed in reinforcement. 1.用繩子、鏈條、鋼筋等拉動車輛移動。2.用于加固的纖維束。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 從向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性種子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Pascal (Pa) | 帕斯卡（Pa） |
The SI unit of pressure, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. 壓力的國際單位制，1Pa=1N/m2。 |
| Static equilibrium | 靜態平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固體上的所有外力和力矩的合力為零，則固體、結構或物理系統（或任何細分部分）無論是靜止還是以恒定速度移動，都是處于靜態平衡。 |
| Work ratio | 工作比 |
The ratio of the net work out to the actual work out for a thermodynamic cycle. 熱力學循環的凈功與實際功之比。 |
| Black oxide | 黑色氧化物 |
A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions. 通過將金屬浸入熱氧化鹽或鹽溶液中產生的黑色飾面。 |
| Pressure difference (Unit Pa) | 壓差（單位Pa） |
(pressure differential, Δp) The difference between two pressures, one of which may be a reference pressure such as barometric pressure. In many flow processes, the pressure difference is more important than the absolute pressure level. （壓差，Δp）兩個壓力之間的差值，其中一個壓力可以是參考壓力，如大氣壓力。在許多流動過程中，壓差比絕對壓力水平更重要。 |
| Mechatronics | 機電一體化 |
The integration of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. 機械工程、電氣工程、電子工程和軟件工程的集成。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧測頭 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一種大氣監測裝置，以電子方式測量熔爐或熔爐供應大氣中的氧分壓與外部空氣之間的差值。 |
| Grain-boundary liquation | 晶界液化 |
An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. 奧氏體晶界區域的材料熔化的過熱階段。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時間。（單位Pa或，非國際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Joint diagrams | 接合處關系圖 |
Mathematical diagrams which illustrate the forces on and deflections of fasteners and joint members. 說明緊固件和連接件上的力和變形的數學圖。 |
| Absolute rating | 絕對標稱值 |
A theoretical size designation which is an estimation of the largest particle, by length, that can pass through a filter with a specific 一個理論尺寸名稱，它是按長度估算的最大顆粒，它可以通過具有特定過濾器的過濾器 |
| Microstrain | 微應變 |
The strain over a gage length comparable to interatomic distances. These are the strains being averaged by the macrostrain measurement. Microstrain is not measurable by currently existing techniques. Variance of the microstrain distribution can, however, be measured by x-ray diffraction. 與原子間距離相當的標距上的應變。這些是通過宏觀應變測量得到的平均應變。現有技術無法測量微應變。然而微應變分布的變化可以通過x射線衍射來測量。 |
| Solenoid | 螺線管 |
A coil of electrically-conducting wire wrapped around a metal core, typically iron, to produce a magnetic field and hence a force on the core when an electric current passes through the coil. Solenoids are widely used to produce linear movement to actuate valves (solenoid valves) and other devices. 繞在金屬芯（通常為鐵）上的導線線圈，當電流通過線圈時產生磁場，從而在芯上產生力。電磁閥廣泛用于產生線性運動以驅動閥（電磁閥）和其他裝置。 |
| Load ratio, R | 負載比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲勞中，疲勞循環中最小載荷與最大載荷的代數比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也稱為應力比。 |
| Full annealing | 全退火 |
An imprecise term that denotes an annealing cycle to produce minimum strength and hardness. For the term to be meaningful, the composition and starting condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. Annealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling slowly through the transformation range. 一個不精確的術語，表示產生最小強度和硬度的退火循環。為了使該術語有意義，必須說明材料的組成和起始條件以及使用的時間-溫度循環。通過奧氏體化退火鐵合金，然后在轉變范圍內緩慢冷卻。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大應力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在應力循環中具有最高代數值的應力，拉應力被認為是正的，壓應力被認為是負的。名義應力是最常用的。 |
| Lathe | 車床 |
A machine tool in which work, gripped in the headstock, is rotated against the cutting tool to produce turned, bored, faced, or threaded components. 一種機床，其中夾持在主軸箱中的工件靠著切削工具旋轉，以生產車削、鉆孔、端面或螺紋部件。 |
| Shrink ring | 預緊環 |
A ring, which is expanded by heating, is placed around an assembly of parts, and then contracts upon cooling to hold the assembly in place. 通過加熱膨脹的環被放置在零件組件周圍，然后在冷卻時收縮以將組件固定到位。 |
| Creep limit (Unit Pa) | 蠕變極限（單位Pa） |
The maximum allowable stress under the action of which creep deformation of a material does not exceed a specified limit. 材料在其作用下的蠕變變形不超過規定限度的最大許用應力。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度計測量彈性體、塑料和橡膠等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度儀測量直徑為1.1–1.4mm的硬化鋼棒（壓頭）在用校準彈簧快速施加的給定力下滲入試驗材料的深度。有兩種主要的壓頭設計：A型（適用于較軟的材料），其桿端為截頭35°錐形，逐漸變細至直徑0.79 mm；D型（較硬的材料），端部為30°錐形，尖端半徑為0.1mm。A型的彈簧力為8.05N，D型為44.45N。硬度值與滲透深度相關（最大限制為2.5mm），因此，對于零滲透，硬度為100，對于最大滲透，硬度是零。相關標準為ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所選材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纖維素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Residual preload | 殘余預載荷 |
The tension which remains in an unloaded bolted joint after Relaxation. 松弛后未加載螺栓連接中保持的張力。 |
| Tightness | 緊密度 |
A measure of the mass leak rate from a gasketed joint. 墊圈接頭質量泄漏率的測量值。 |
| Venturi | 文丘里管 |
A convergent–divergent flow nozzle, usually circular in cross section, with a relatively short convergent section (the confuser) upstream of a throat followed by a gradually diverging section (the diffuser). Such nozzles usually have flanges at either end for installation in a pipeline. Applications include flow meters and ejectors. When a fluid flows through a convergent duct at subsonic speed, there is an increase in velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure (Venturi effect). 收斂-發散流噴嘴，橫截面通常為圓形，喉部上游具有相對較短的收斂段（擾流器），然后是逐漸發散段（擴散器）。這種噴嘴通常在兩端都有法蘭，以便安裝在管道中。應用包括流量計和噴射器。當流體以亞音速流過收斂管道時，速度增加，壓力降低（文丘里效應）。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一種用于在孔中切割螺紋的螺紋硬金屬塞。它具有縱向凹槽，用于在切割時清除切屑。漸進式切割通過連續使用三個絲錐實現：錐度、二次和塞。第一和第二絲錐具有錐度，以幫助沿孔的軸線開始螺紋；塞式絲錐沒有錐度，用于盲孔的最終切割。2.管道中或管道末端的閥門。 |
| Safety valve (safety-relief valve) | 安全閥（安全泄壓閥） |
A mechanical valve, fitted by law to all pressure vessels (e.g. steam boilers), which opens to prevent the internal pressure exceeding the maximum design value for that vessel. The valve closes again once the pressure reduces to a safe level. 根據法律安裝在所有壓力容器（如蒸汽鍋爐）上的機械閥，其打開以防止內部壓力超過該容器的最大設計值。一旦壓力降至安全水平，閥門將再次關閉。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 撥動（撥動夾） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由兩個銷桿組成的裝置，在同一平面的兩個端點之間幾乎成一條直線。將杠桿對齊會在端部之間產生較大的力。用于獲得較大的機械優勢或用作鎖定機構。 |
| Kinetic energy | 動能 |
Energy that an object possesses because it is in motion. It is the energy given to an object to set it in motion. On impact, it is converted into other forms of energy such as strain, heat, sound and light. 物體因運動而擁有的能量。它是賦予物體使其運動的能量。撞擊時，它被轉換成其他形式的能量，如應變、熱、聲和光。 |
| Modulus of resilience | 回彈系數 |
The amount of energy stored in a material when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. 當加載到其彈性極限時，材料中儲存的能量量。通過測量應力-應變曲線下直至彈性極限的面積來確定。 |
| Offset modulus | 補償模量 |
The ratio of the offset yield stress to the extension at the offset point (plastics). 偏移屈服應力與偏移點（塑料）處延伸的比率。 |
| Fatigue striations | 疲勞條紋 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在電子顯微鏡斷口圖或疲勞斷口表面中經常觀察到平行線。這些線橫向于局部裂紋擴展方向；連續線之間的距離表示在一個應力變化周期內裂紋前沿的前進。 |
| Allowable stress design | 許用應力設計 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 結構連接研究委員會為AISC制定的設計程序。故意低估螺栓和接頭材料的強度，以便在結構鋼接頭的設計中引入安全系數。它是最近定義的荷載和阻力系數設計程序的替代方法。 |
| Shear test | 剪切試驗 |
Any of several tests to obtain shear strength of a metal. Common tests used on mill products include the double-shear test, single-shear test, the blanking shear test (also known as the punching shear test) and the torsion test. 獲得金屬剪切強度的幾種測試中的任何一種。軋機產品上常用的試驗包括雙剪試驗、單剪試驗、落料剪切試驗（也稱為沖切試驗）和扭轉試驗。 |
| Head height | 頭部高度 |
The head height shall be that overall distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the top of the head to the bearing surface and shall include the thickness of the washer face. Raised grade and manufacturer’s identification are excluded from head height. 頭部高度應為平行于產品軸線從封頭頂部到支承面測量的總距離，并應包括墊圈表面的厚度。提升等級和制造商標識不包括在頭部高度中。 |
| Pitch (Unit m) | 間距（單位：m） |
1. In a cascade of identical turbine or compressor blades, the distance between successive blades measured parallel to the leading edges. 2. For a screw thread, the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis. 3. For an aircraft, the vertical relationship between the nose and the horizon. The pitch axis is an axis in the plane of the wings of an aircraft, perpendicular to the centreline, about which the aircraft rotates. Pitch motion is the corresponding up or down movement of the aircraft nose. Pitch attitude is the angle between the centreline of an aircraft and the horizontal. The angle is positive when the nose is above its position when the centreline is horizontal. 1.在相同渦輪或壓縮機葉片的葉柵中，平行于前緣測量的連續葉片之間的距離。2.對于螺紋，平行于螺紋軸線測量的相鄰螺紋形狀之間的距離。3.對于飛機，機頭和水平線之間的垂直關系。俯仰軸是飛機機翼平面內垂直于中心線的軸，飛機繞中心線旋轉。俯仰運動是飛機機頭的相應向上或向下運動。俯仰姿態是飛機中心線與水平線之間的角度。當中心線水平時，當機頭高于其位置時，角度為正。 |
| Diaphragm compressor | 隔膜式壓縮機 |
A machine in which compression is achieved by the reciprocating motion of a flexible membrane of metal, plastic, or elastomeric material. This arrangement is ideally suited to pumping high-purity, toxic, or explosive gases. A similar machine incorporating check valves is a self-priming positive-displacement pump (diaphragm pump, membrane pump). 通過金屬、塑料或彈性材料的柔性薄膜的往復運動實現壓縮的機器。這種布置非常適合泵送高純度、有毒或爆炸性氣體。裝有止回閥的類似機器是自吸容積泵（隔膜泵、隔膜泵）。 |
| Tare weight (Unit N) | 皮重（單位N） |
The weight of an empty container. 空容器的重量。 |
| Blank nitriding | 空白滲氮 |
Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入氮氣的情況下模擬氮化操作。這通常通過使用惰性材料代替氮化劑或通過在鐵合金上施加合適的保護涂層來實現。 |
| Crack length (depth) (a) | 裂紋長度（深度）（a） |
In fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, the physical crack size used to determine the crack growth rate and the stress-intensity factor. For the compact-type specimen, crack length is measured from the line connecting the bearing points of load application. For the center-cracked-tension specimen, crack length is measured from the perpendicular bisector of the central crack. 在疲勞和應力腐蝕裂紋中，用于確定裂紋擴展速率和應力強度因子的物理裂紋尺寸。對于緊湊型試樣，裂紋長度從連接載荷施加點的線開始測量。對于中心裂紋拉伸試樣，從中心裂紋的垂直平分線測量裂紋長度。 |
| Impact test | 碰撞測試 |
A test for determining the energy absorbed in fracturing a test piece at high velocity, as distinct from static test. The test may be carried out in tension, bending, or torsion, and the test bar may be notched or unnotched. 測定試件在高速下破裂時吸收的能量的試驗，與靜態試驗不同。測試可以在拉伸、彎曲或扭轉條件下進行，測試桿可以有缺口或無缺口。 |
| Maximum continuous load | 最大連續負載 |
(maximum continuous rating) (Unit kg/s) The maximum rate of steam output that a boiler can supply for a specified period, usually 24 hours. （最大連續額定功率）（單位為kg/s）鍋爐在規定時間內（通常為24小時）可供應的最大蒸汽輸出率。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一個通用術語，表示一種處理，包括加熱并保持在合適的溫度，然后以合適的速率冷卻，主要用于軟化金屬材料，但也同時產生其他性能或微觀結構的所需變化。 |
| Decalescence | 退色 |
A phenomenon, associated with the transformation of alpha iron to gamma iron on the heating (superheating) of iron or steel, revealed by the darkening of the metal surface owing to the sudden decrease in temperature caused by the fast absorption of the latent heat of transformation. 一種現象，與鐵或鋼加熱（過熱）時α鐵向γ鐵的轉變有關，由于轉變潛熱的快速吸收導致溫度突然降低，金屬表面變黑。 |
| Nominal power (Unit kW) | 公稱功率（單位kW） |
1. For an internal combustion engine, the average power output of a typical production engine under normal working conditions measured according to SAE standard J 1349/ISO 1585. 2. For an electric motor, the rated equivalent mechanical power output. 1.對于內燃機，根據SAE標準J 1349/ISO 1585測量的正常工作條件下典型生產發動機的平均功率輸出。2.對于電動機，額定等效機械功率輸出。 |
| Effective crack size (ae) | 有效裂紋尺寸（ae） |
The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂紋塑性變形的影響，物理裂紋尺寸增大。有時，根據物理裂紋尺寸的測量值加上塑性區調整的計算值來計算有效裂紋尺寸。計算有效裂紋尺寸的首選方法是將載荷-撓度軌跡正割的柔度與試樣類型校準的彈性柔度進行比較。 |
| Machine screw | 機械螺絲 |
A countersunk, slotted screw with machined threads such as are found on bolts. A relatively small screw, usually less than 20 mm in diameter, with the thread running along the whole length up to the head, intended to be screwed into threaded holes. If inserted through plain holes in assembled parts and held together by a nut, an undesirable contact surface of threads bearing against the surface of a hole results. 帶有機加工螺紋的沉頭開槽螺釘，如螺栓上的螺紋。一種相對較小的螺釘，直徑通常小于20毫米，螺紋沿整個長度一直延伸到頭部，用于擰入螺紋孔中。如果通過裝配零件上的平孔插入并用螺母固定在一起，則會導致螺紋與孔表面接觸不良。 |
| Outside diameter (Unit m) | 外徑（單位：m） |
(external diameter, OD) The diameter of a circular cylindrical tube or a sphere measured between opposite points on the external surface. （外徑，OD）在外表面上的相對點之間測量的圓柱管或球體的直徑。 |
| Torque converter | 變矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的渦輪機，由葉輪、渦輪機和反作用構件組成。應用包括機動車變速器。 |
| Extra spring | 額外彈簧 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金屬合金和一些鐵合金的回火狀態，大約對應于高于全硬的冷加工狀態，超過該狀態進一步冷加工將不會顯著增加強度和硬度。 |
| Metric ton (tonne, t) | 公制噸（噸，t） |
An SI-accepted, but non-SI, unit of mass defined as 1 t = 103?kg. SI系統可接受但非國際單位制的質量單位，定義為1t=103kg。 |
| Freezing point | 冰點 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物質從液態變為固態的溫度。大多數物質的冰點隨著壓力的增加而增加。從固體到液體的逆過程是熔化；熔點與凝固點相同。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松動 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振動、熱循環、沖擊或任何其他導致接頭構件之間以及陽螺紋和陰螺紋之間橫向滑動的原因，緊固件松動的過程。振動松動是自松動的一種常見但特殊的情況。 |
| Hardenability | 淬透性 |
Defined as the ability of a ferrous material to acquire hardness after austenitization and quenching. The relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite when quenched from a temperature above the upper critical temperature. Hardenability is commonly measured as the distance below a quenched surface where the metal exhibits a specific hardness (50 HRC, for example) or a specific percentage of martensite in the microstructure. 定義為黑色金屬材料在奧氏體化和淬火后獲得硬度的能力。鐵合金從高于上臨界溫度的溫度淬火時形成馬氏體的相對能力。淬透性通常以淬火表面下方的距離來測量，金屬在淬火表面處表現出特定硬度（例如50HRC）或微觀結構中馬氏體的特定百分比。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可熱處理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一種可以通過熱處理硬化的合金。 |
| Vehicle | 車輛 |
A means of conveyance for transporting goods and people, generally with wheels powered by a petrol, diesel, or steam engine, or by an electric motor, or by a hybrid combination of an electric motor and a diesel or petrol engine. 一種運輸貨物和人員的交通工具，通常由汽油機、柴油機或蒸汽機、電動機或電動機與柴油機或汽油機的混合動力驅動。 |
| Vacuum pump | 真空泵 |
A pump for exhausting air and non-condensable gases from a vessel to be maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pirani and thermal-conductivity gauges are vacuum gauges used to measure the absolute pressure within a vacuum system (vacuum level), usually expressed in torr or Pa. 用于從容器中排出空氣和不凝性氣體以保持在亞大氣壓的泵。皮拉尼和熱導率計是用于測量真空系統內絕對壓力（真空水平）的真空計，通常用托或帕表示。 |
| Slip | 滑落 |
Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement (translation)of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and usually on a specific crystallographic plane. Sometimes called glide. 晶體的一部分在一定的晶體學方向上相對于另一部分的不可逆剪切位移（平移）引起的塑性變形，通常在特定的晶體主義平面上。有時被稱為滑翔。 |
| Galilean transformation | 伽利略變換 |
In steady fluid flow, the addition or subtraction of a constant velocity to the entire flowfield, e.g. so that flow can be considered relative to a moving object or flow feature, such as a shock wave. 在穩定的流體流動中，對整個流場增加或減少恒定速度，例如，可以考慮相對于移動物體或流動特征（例如沖擊波）流動。 |
| Thread insert | 螺紋嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺紋襯套）一種帶有內螺紋（有時也有外螺紋）的薄圓柱體或螺旋形線圈，壓入或擰入孔中以接受螺栓或螺釘。用于材料太軟或部件太薄而無法螺紋連接，用于將一種形式的螺紋更換為另一種形式或修復損壞的螺紋。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 將冷加工的有色金屬合金軟化到規定的硬度或抗拉強度水平的最終局部退火。 |
| Fastener with reduced shank | 短柄緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d2. 柄徑為ds≈d2的緊固件。 |
| Transformation toughening | 相變增韌 |
The improvement of fracture toughness of a material by stress-induced transformation of the microstructure. 通過微結構的應力誘導轉變來提高材料的斷裂韌性。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 為改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影響非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范圍，或導致新相的出現，或兩者兼而有之。此外，合金元素強烈影響相變動力學，從而影響合金材料的微觀結構形成。 |
| Oil-cooled | 油冷卻 |
A term for a machine that uses circulating oil to remove heat. 使用循環油散熱的機器的術語。 |
| Span (Unit m) | 跨度（單位：m） |
A dimension measured between the extremities of a body or structure, such as between the tips of a wing or the supports of a bridge. 在身體或結構的末端之間測量的尺寸，如機翼尖端或橋梁支架之間。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺絲攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一種杠桿，其中心有一個可調節的方孔，絲錐柄安裝在該孔中，以便施加扭矩以切斷螺紋。 |
| Radiosity (J) (Unit W/m2) | 輻射度（J）（單位W/m2） |
The total radiation leaving a given surface per unit area, including emitted, reflected, and transmitted radiation. 每單位面積離開給定表面的總輻射，包括發射、反射和透射輻射。 |
| Dynamic strain aging | 動態應變時效 |
A behavior in metals in which solute atoms are sufficiently mobile to move toward and interact with dislocations. This results in strengthening over a specific range of elevated temperature and strain rate. 金屬的一種特點，其中溶質原子具有足夠的移動能力，能夠向位錯移動并與位錯相互作用，會導致在特定的高溫和應變速率范圍內強化。 |
| Composite property | 復合屬性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在熱力學中，根據封閉系統及其周圍環境的性質定義的性質，例如非流動火用函數。 |
| Forge | 鍛造 |
To shape metal while holt and plastic by a hammering or forcing process. Dies used in process. 通過錘擊或強制過程使金屬成型，同時保持塑料成型。過程會使用模具。 |
| Compression failure | 壓縮失敗 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纖維復合材料中的屈曲、斷裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在壓縮中的承載能力的降低或消除。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕變斷裂強度（單位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金屬和聚合物蠕變試驗結束時的斷裂應力，通常與時間作圖以給出應力-斷裂曲線。 |
| Valve spring | 氣門彈簧 |
The spring that restores a valve to its closed position after having been opened, and is also intended to prevent valve bounce. 在閥門打開后將其恢復到關閉位置的彈簧，也用于防止閥門反彈。 |
| Infinite life diagram | 無限疲勞壽命圖 |
A simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一個簡單的曲線圖，實驗得出的疲勞壽命數據，顯示了無限壽命所需的條件。 |
| Prying | 撬動 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 當外部荷載為偏心拉伸荷載時，通過偽杠桿作用放大外部荷載。 |
| Two-dimensional flow | 二維流 |
A fluid flow in which the velocity at any time depends upon two spatial coordinates, such as the radial and axial locations in developing pipe flow. 一種流體流動，其中任何時候的速度取決于兩個空間坐標，如發展中的管道流中的徑向和軸向位置。 |
| Celsius temperature scale | 攝氏溫標 |
(centigrade temperature scale) A relative, non-SI, temperature scale now defined in terms of the Kelvin absolute temperature scale as °C = K ? 273.15, where °C is the symbol for degrees Celsius. The scale was previously called the centigrade scale, with two fixed points: the melting point of ice (the ice point) as 0°C, and the boiling point of water (the steam point) as 100°C. （攝氏度溫度標度）現在以開爾文絕對溫度標度定義的相對非國際溫度標度為°C=K-273.15，其中°C是攝氏度的符號。該刻度以前稱為攝氏度刻度，有兩個固定點：冰的熔點（冰點）為0°C，水的沸點（蒸汽點）為100°C。 |
| Rosette | 玫瑰形的結 |
Strain gages arranged to indicate, at a single position, strain in three different directions. 應變計布置成在單個位置指示三個不同方向的應變。 |
| Gauge pressure (Unit Pa) | 表壓（單位Pa） |
The level of static pressure above the ambient pressure. 高于環境壓力的靜壓水平。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸線 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程圖上的一條線，上面有一個數字，表示特征的長度，通常以毫米為單位。 |
| Fracture mechanics | 斷裂力學 |
The stress analysis of bodies containing cracks. The use of stressconcentration factors and other correction factors of traditional strength of materials is inadequate when flaws are present initially (or develop during loading), since fracture depends not only on stress but also the size of the crack. Traditional strength of materials stress calculations cannot predict either the safe working stress in the presence of a known flaw, or the critical size of flaw just tolerable with a given working stress. 含裂紋物體的應力分析。當初始存在缺陷（或在加載過程中形成缺陷）時，使用應力集中系數和傳統材料強度的其他修正系數是不夠的，因為斷裂不僅取決于應力，還取決于裂紋的大小。傳統的材料強度應力計算既不能預測已知缺陷存在時的安全工作應力，也不能預測給定工作應力下可容忍的缺陷臨界尺寸。 |
| Conduit | 導管 |
A hollow object, of metal, plastic, glass, ceramic, etc., which is relatively long compared with its lateral dimensions and through which there is fluid flow. 由金屬、塑料、玻璃、陶瓷等制成的中空物體，與其橫向尺寸相比相對較長，并且有流體流過。 |
| Elastic constants | 彈性常數 |
The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 將材料的彈性位移與施加的力相關聯的比例因子。 |
| Elasticity | 彈性 |
The property of a material by virtue of which deformation caused by stress disappears on removal of the stress. A perfectly elastic body completely recovers its original shape and dimensions after release of stress. 一種材料的特性，通過這種特性，由應力引起的變形在去除應力后消失。完全彈性體在應力釋放后完全恢復其原始形狀和尺寸。 |
| Cycle annealing | 循環退火 |
An annealing process employing a predetermined and closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce specific properties or microstructures. 采用預定且嚴格控制的時間-溫度循環來產生特定性能或微觀結構的退火工藝。 |
| Newton (N) | 牛頓（N） |
The basic unit of force in the SI system, defined as the force that results in an acceleration of 1 m/s2?when acting on a 1 kg mass. SI國際單位制中力的基本單位，定義為作用于1kg質量時產生1m/s2加速度的力。 |
| Differential heating | 差動加熱 |
Heating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object. 加熱有意在物體內產生溫度梯度，從而在冷卻后，在物體內出現所需的應力分布或特性變化。 |
| Workspace (Unit m3) | 工作空間（單位m3） |
(working-space volume) The volume around the base frame of a robot, defined by the reach of the robot. The robot can thus only perform tasks within this volume. （工作空間體積）機器人基架周圍的體積，由機器人的可達范圍定義。因此，機器人只能執行該體積內的任務。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表觀接觸面積 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦學中，兩個固體表面之間的接觸區域由其宏觀界面的邊界定義。 |
| Design code | 設計規范 |
(design standard) A standard or specification for any aspect of engineering design, issued by national organizations such as ANSI, ASME, BSI, DIN, and ISO. （設計標準）工程設計任何方面的標準或規范，由ANSI、ASME、BSI、DIN和ISO等國家組織發布。 |
| Maximum material condition | 最大材料條件 |
(maximum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the upper limit for all toleranced external dimensions, and to the lower limit for all internal dimensions. （最大金屬條件）制造部件的體積對應于所有公差外部尺寸的上限和所有內部尺寸的下限的情況。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 離心式壓縮機 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一種壓縮機，其中工作氣體軸向進入機器，并在通過葉輪徑向流出時被壓縮。 |
| Torque control | 扭矩控制 |
A system of optimizing rotor speed for a variable-speed wind turbine by controlling the torque demands of the generator. 通過控制發電機的扭矩需求來優化變速風力渦輪機的轉子速度的系統。 |
| Machine tool | 機床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一種動力機器，如鉆孔機、磨床、車床、銑床或刨床，用于切割和成形金屬、塑料、復合材料等（機加工）。加工中心是圍繞多個軸工作的CNC機床，具有刀具庫存和自動換刀能力，能夠在自動化控制下進行各種加工操作。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容積 |
(Unit m3) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （單位m3）活塞位于上止點時活塞上方的“死區”體積，包括氣缸蓋中的凹槽，在往復式壓縮機或發動機中。 |
| Age softening | 時效軟化 |
Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those of aluminum. 某些應變硬化合金，尤其是鋁合金，在室溫下會發生強度和硬度的自發降低。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性質隨時間的減少。 |
| Shear strength | 抗剪強度 |
The maximum shear stress that a material is capable of sustaining. Shear strength is calculated from the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and is based on the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. 材料能夠承受的最大剪切應力。抗剪強度根據剪切或扭轉試驗期間的最大載荷計算，并基于試樣橫截面的原始尺寸。 |
| Working section | 工作區 |
That part of a wind tunnel in which models are placed for testing, or where detailed measurements are performed. 風洞中放置模型進行測試或進行詳細測量的部分。 |
| Selective heating | 局部加熱 |
Intentionally heating only certain portions of a workpiece. 有意僅加熱工件的某些部分。 |
| Notch depth | 缺口深度 |
The distance from the surface of a notched test specimen to the bottom of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove. 從缺口試樣表面到缺口底部的距離。在圓柱形試樣中，通過加工環形槽去除的原始橫截面積的百分比。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作為距固定參考點（通常距表面）的距離的函數。 |
| Carbon potential | 碳勢 |
A measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon level of the steel. Note: In any particular environment, the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature, time, and steel composition. 衡量含有活性碳的環境在規定條件下改變或保持鋼的碳含量的能力。注意：在任何特定環境中，所達到的碳含量將取決于溫度、時間和鋼成分等因素。 |
| Clutch | 離合器 |
A device for connecting and disconnecting rotating shafts, for example between an engine and a gearbox. 一種用于連接和斷開旋轉軸的裝置，例如在發動機和變速箱之間。 |
| Rolled thread | 滾制螺紋 |
A thread formed by plastically deforming the surface of the blank rather than by cutting operations. Increases fatigue life and thread strength, but is not possible (or perhaps economical) on larger sizes. 通過塑性變形坯料表面而不是通過切割操作形成的螺紋。增加疲勞壽命和螺紋強度，但不太可能（或者說是經濟上不太可能）用于較大的尺寸。 |
| Adhesive strength | 粘合強度 |
The strength of an adhesively bonded joint, usually measured in tension (perpendicular to the plane of the bonded joint) or in shear 粘合接頭的強度，通常以拉伸（垂直于粘合接頭的平面）或剪切測量 |
| Pressure gauge | 壓力表 |
An instrument used to measure absolute or gauge pressure. The sensing element may be a tube which deflects when pressurized, as in a Bourdon gauge, a bellows as in an aneroid barometer, a piezoelectric crystal, a piezoresistive element, etc. 測量絕對壓力或表壓的儀器。傳感元件可以是加壓時會偏轉的管，如波登壓力表、無液氣壓計中的波紋管、壓電晶體、壓阻元件等。 |
| Anelastic | 無彈性 |
Literally ‘not elastic’, but in practice used for materials that display timedependent recovery on unloading. 字面意思是“沒有彈性”，但實際上用于在卸載時顯示隨時間恢復的材料。 |
| Angle of torsion | 扭轉角 |
(angle of twist) (Unit ° or rad) The angle relative to a chosen section, normal to the axis of twist, through which another part of a component rotates when subjected to a torque. （扭轉角）（單位°或弧度）相對于選定截面的角度，垂直于扭轉軸，部件的另一部分在受到扭矩時通過該角度旋轉。 |
| Uniform strain | 均勻應變 |
The strain occurring prior to the beginning of localization of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension test. 在應變局部化（頸縮）開始之前發生的應變；拉伸試驗中最大載荷的應變。 |
| Forging | 鍛造處理 |
The process of forming raw steel into specified shapes. Some examples of forged products would be hex bolts, clevises, and barrier pins. 1. A method of component manufacture by hammering metal by hand or by machine (drop forge, press). 2. A part made by the process of forging. 將生鋼制成特定形狀的過程。鍛造產品的一些例子是六角螺栓、U形夾和障礙銷。 1. 一種通過手工或機器錘擊金屬（落鍛、壓力機）制造部件的方法。2.通過鍛造工藝制成的零件。 |
| Initial preload | 初始預載 |
The tension created in a single bolt as it is tightened. Will usually be modified by subsequent assembly operations or by in-service loads and conditions. 擰緊單個螺栓時產生的張力。通常會通過后續的裝配操作或在役負載和條件進行修改。 |
| Threading machine | 螺紋機 |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割桿、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺紋或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的內螺紋的機器。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性開裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的溫度下暴露于濃氫氧化物溶液中的碳鋼或鐵鉻鎳合金中最常遇到的一種應力腐蝕開裂形式。也稱為堿脆。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 聲學高溫計 |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一種非侵入式高溫計，其原理是氣體中的聲速與其絕對溫度的平方根成正比。 |
| Decarburization | 脫碳 |
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface. 由于與接觸表面的介質中的一種或多種化學物質發生反應，含碳合金表面層的碳損失。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋轉閥 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一種圓柱形或錐形塞，其中有一個橫向孔，當該孔與相鄰管道對齊時，流體可通過該孔流動。 |
| Dynamics | 動力學 |
The branch of mechanics that deals with objects in motion. Its two main branches are kinematics, which studies motion without regards to its cause, and kinetics, which also takes into account forces that cause motion. 力學中研究運動物體的分支。它的兩個主要分支是運動學和動力學，前者研究運動而不考慮其原因，后者也考慮引起運動的力。 |
| Transmission | 傳輸 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 從動力源傳輸功率和扭矩的系統；例如軸、皮帶和滑輪或齒輪系。對于機動車輛，包括變速箱、離合器、傳動軸、差速器和終傳動軸。 |
| Torque motor | 力矩電機 |
A type of induction motor that can apply a steady torque even when prevented from rotating. 一種感應電動機，即使被阻止旋轉也能施加穩定的轉矩。 |
| Stress-intensity calibration | 應力強度校準 |
A mathematical expression, based on empirical or analytical results, that relates the stress-intensity factor to load and crack length for a specific specimen planar geometry. Also known as Kcalibration. 基于經驗或分析結果的數學表達式，該表達式將特定試樣平面幾何形狀的應力強度因子與載荷和裂紋長度聯系起來。也稱為K校準。 |
| Zirconia-toughened alumina composites | 氧化鋯增韌氧化鋁復合材料 |
(ZTA composites) Ceramic composites based on aluminium oxide to which zirconium oxide is added, resulting in improved fracture toughness. （ZTA復合材料）基于氧化鋁的陶瓷復合材料，其中添加了氧化鋯，從而提高了斷裂韌性。 |
| Torque meter | 扭矩計 |
An instrument for measuring torque using spring-loaded, piezoelectric, or strain-gauged devices. 使用彈簧加載、壓電或應變測量裝置測量扭矩的儀器。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 鎖緊螺母管螺紋 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 鎖緊螺母管螺紋是最大直徑的直螺紋，可在管道上切割。其形式與美國或布里格斯標準錐管螺紋相同。一般情況下，只需要通規。它們由一個表示最小內螺紋鎖緊螺母螺紋的直螺紋塞和一個表示最大外螺紋鎖緊螺帽螺紋的直形螺紋環組成。該螺紋僅用于將零件固定在一起，或用于將軸環固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要緊密螺紋接頭的情況下。 |
| Cavity radiator | 空腔輻射器 |
A heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加熱室，近似于黑體輻射的輻射通過該小孔傳遞出去。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 鹽浴熱處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融鹽浴中進行的熱處理。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度試驗 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 與洛氏硬度測試相同，只是使用較小的次要載荷和主要載荷。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過缺口試樣的試驗確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內的任意定義的溫度。（轉變點）1.具有面心立方晶體結構的金屬合金的斷裂機制從韌性孔洞生長轉變為脆性解理的溫度。2.材料從一種晶體狀態轉變為另一種晶體的溫度。 |
| Anisotropy | 各向異性 |
The characteristic of exhibiting different values of a property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material. 相對于材料中的固定參考系統，在不同方向上表現出不同屬性值的特性。 |
| Significance level | 顯著性水平 |
The stated probability (risk) that a given test of significance will reject the hypothesis that a specified effect is absent when the hypothesis is true. 當假設為真時，給定的顯著性檢驗將拒絕特定效應不存在的假設的所述概率（風險）。 |
| Hot pressing | 熱壓 |
1. Sintering of metal or ceramic powder at high temperature. 2. Formation of components from fibre-reinforced composite material in which bonding is ensured through application of pressure and temperature, often against a mould to give the required shape. 1、金屬或陶瓷粉末的高溫燒結。2. 由纖維增強復合材料形成部件，其中通過施加壓力和溫度來確保粘合，通常靠在模具上以形成所需的形狀。 |
| Induction tempering | 感應回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 鋼的回火采用低頻電感應加熱。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金屬元素和合金的原子、晶體學、微觀結構、機械和物理特性及其應用。 |
| Deflection temperature under load (DTUL) | 負載變形溫度（DTUL） |
The temperature at which a simple cantilever beam deflects a given amount under load. Formerly called heat distortion temperature. 簡單懸臂梁在負載下偏轉給定量的溫度。以前稱為熱變形溫度。 |
| Stabilizing treatment | 穩定化處理 |
(1) Before finishing to final dimensions, repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above its normal operating temperature and then cooling to room temperature to ensure dimensional stability in service. (2) Transforming retained austenite in quenched hardenable steels, usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solution-treated stabilized grade of austenitic stainless steel to 870 to 900 °C (1600 to 1650 °F) to precipitate all carbon as TiC, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization is avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated temperature. （1）在精加工至最終尺寸之前，反復加熱含鐵或非鐵零件至或略高于其正常工作溫度，然后冷卻至室溫，以確保使用中的尺寸穩定性。（2）在淬火可淬硬鋼中轉變殘余奧氏體，通常通過冷處理。（3）將固溶處理的穩定等級奧氏體不銹鋼加熱至870至900°C（1600至1650°F），使所有碳沉淀為TiC、NbC或TaC，從而避免在隨后暴露于高溫時敏化。 |
| Absorber | 吸收器 |
1. An auxiliary vibratory system that favourably modifies the vibration characteristics of a main system. 2. Part of an absorption refrigeration system in which the refrigerant is absorbed by a transport medium. 3. The absorber plate is the receiver of a concentrating solar collector where the radiation is absorbed. 1.一種輔助振動系統，可有利地改變主系統的振動特性。2.吸收式制冷系統的一部分，其中制冷劑被傳輸介質吸收。3.吸收板是吸收輻射的聚光太陽能集熱器的接收器。 |
| Compressometer | 壓力計 |
Instrument for measuring change in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in compression testing of metal specimens. 用于測量在給定標距上由施加或移除力引起的長度變化的儀器。常用于金屬試樣的壓縮試驗。 |
| Allotropy | 同素異形體 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多態性的近義詞。同素異形體通常僅限于描述元素、終端相和合金中的多晶型行為，其行為與主要組成元素的行為非常相似。 |
| Turbocharging | 渦輪增壓 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一種增壓方法，其中活塞發動機的熱廢氣用于驅動渦輪，渦輪為增壓壓縮機提供動力。渦輪增壓器是渦輪/壓縮機組合。壓縮機通常為徑向流出設計，而徑向、軸向和混流式渦輪機都在使用。廢氣旁通閥是一種減少進入渦輪的廢氣流量以限制產生的增壓或超速的閥。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗氣蝕誘導劑 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的軸流泵，通過增加進口壓頭防止主泵出現氣穴。 |
| Non-ferrous metal | 有色金屬 |
Strictly, all metals and alloys that do not contain iron, but usually taken to mean aluminium- and copper-based alloys. 嚴格來說，所有不含鐵的金屬和合金，但通常指鋁基和銅基合金。 |
| Pitch | 瀝青節距 |
The nominal distance between two adjacent thread roots or crests. In screw threads, the distance from a point on one thread to a corresponding point on the next thread measured parallel to the axis. In the case of spur gears, indicates the size of the gear teeth and is correctly called diametral pitch. 兩個相鄰螺紋根部或頂部之間的標稱距離。在螺紋中，從一根螺紋上的一點到下一根螺紋對應點的距離，平行于軸線測量。對于正齒輪，表示齒輪齒的尺寸，正確地稱為徑向節距。 |
| Air compressor | 空氣壓縮機 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一種渦輪機，它吸入空氣并以更高的壓力、溫度和密度輸送空氣。它可以是軸流式、風扇式、往復式或旋轉式設計。 |
| Gasket factors | 墊片系數 |
Experimentally derived ‘‘constants’’ used to define the behavior of a gasket or the assembly and in-service conditions required for acceptable behavior. 實驗得出的“常數”用于定義墊圈的行為或可接受行為所需的組件和使用條件。 |
| Ferrite | 鐵素體 |
A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams, there are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. 一種或多種元素在體心立方鐵中的固溶體。除非另有說明（例如，鐵酸鉻），否則通常假定溶質為碳。在一些平衡圖上，有兩個鐵素體區域被一個奧氏體區域隔開。下部區域為α鐵素體；上部，δ鐵氧體。如果沒有指定，則假定為 α 鐵氧體。 |
| Screw pump | 螺桿泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一種容積式泵，使用一個或多個在外殼內旋轉的螺旋轉子輸送液體或泥漿。 |
| Condensation shock | 冷凝沖擊 |
For supersonic flow of a moist gas through a divergent nozzle, condensation occurs in the form of spontaneous nucleation at some point downstream of that at which the temperature falls to the saturation temperature. The condensation process proceeds rapidly, and results in a fairly thick discontinuity termed a condensation shock. 對于通過發散噴嘴的濕氣體超音速流動，在溫度降至飽和溫度的點下游的某個點處，冷凝以自發成核的形式發生。凝結過程進行得很快，導致相當厚的不連續性，稱為凝結激波。 |
| Material velocity | 材料速度 |
The velocity of sound in a body (e.g., a bolt). A term used in the ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. 聲音在物體（例如螺栓）中的速度。用于螺栓應力或應變的超聲波測量的術語。 |
| Toughening mechanisms | 增韌機理 |
Various methods of increasing the resistance to crack initiation and propagation in materials. They include transformation toughening, in which the microstructure around the crack tip alters so as to slow down or arrest cracks; deflexion of cracks; various ways of de-sharpening crack tips; fibre bridging of cracks; and fibre pull-out. 增加材料中裂紋萌生和擴展阻力的各種方法。它們包括相變增韌，其中裂紋尖端周圍的微觀結構發生變化，以減緩或阻止裂紋；裂紋偏轉；消除裂紋尖端銳化的各種方法；纖維橋接裂紋；和纖維拉出。 |
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